Errors and packet size
Traceroute
Lists the routers on the way to a destination, by sending packets with TTL 1, then 2, then 3.
Each router where the TTL runs out answers with ICMP time exceeded, revealing itself. * means no answer
came for that hop: the router stays quiet, or something filters the reply. A tunnel shows as one hop, and the path
back may differ from the path there.